Characteristics of a good leadership (Astaamaha Hoggamiyah wanaagsan)

 Dhamaan Hoggaamiyeyaasha wanaagsani Waxay adeeg saddaan ugu yaraan qaarkamida astaamahaan Wadda jir ahaan,waxay ka kooban yihiin laf-dhabar xoogan oo ku baahsan ururadda,warshadaha,qaaradaha. Haddii aad ka cabsaneyso inaaad ka maqantahay qaarkamid astaamahaan Hogaamiyaha wanaagsan, ha yaabin waxaa jira siyaabo aad ku hogaajin karto awoodahaaga Hogaamineed. 

Ani ahaan waxaan aminsanahay in Hogaanku xirfad la hormarin karo oo Hogaamiyeyaasha lagu habeeyo khibrad, waxbarasho joogto ah iyo la qabsi. Cilmi baaris aan sameeyay waxaan ogaaday in hoggaamiyayaasha ugu wanaagsan ay si joogta ah u sameeyaan 10kaan astaamood:

  Daacadnimo.

  Awoodda wakiilnimo.

  Isgaarsiinta.

  Mahad naq/mahad celin. 

 Isbaraarajujin.
  Naxariis 

 Geesinimo 

 Ixtiraam 

 Naftiisa wuxuu ka jeclaadan 

 Qof isla wayn ma ahan.

  Daacadnimadda waa astaatanta hoggamideed ee qofka iyo ururka waxay sigaara muhiim ugu tahay madaxda sare ee dajinta koorsada ururka oo samaynaya go'aamo kale oo muhiim ah oo aan tiro lahayn. Daacadnimadu waxay muujinaysaa ama ay dhab ahaantii noqon kortaa meel indho la'aan ah yacnii meelaan ama dal aan hoggamiyaheeda daacad la ahayn waxba madhaqi Karo 

 Awoodda wakiiladda Wakiiladu waa mid ka mid ah waajibka aas aasiga ah ee hoggaamiyaha lakiin way adkaan kartaa in si wax ku ool ah loo igmaddo. Haddafku maahan oo kaliya inaad naftaada xoreyso-sidookale waa inaad awood u siiso warbixinadaada tooska iney Koraan. 

 Isgaarsiinta Hoggaaminta wax-ku oolka ah iyo isgaarsiinta wax-ku-oolka ah ayaa isku xiran. Hoggaamiyaasha ugu fiican waa wadda howgalayaal xirfad leh oo awood u leh inay siyaabo kala duwan u wadda xiriiraan,laga billaabo gudbinta macluumaadka illaa dhiiri galinta kuwa kale si loo tababaro. Waa inaad awood uleedahay inaad dhagaysato,oo la xariirto dad aad u tiro badan oo kala jiro doorar juqraafi aqoonsi bulshadeed iyo in kabadan.tayada iyo waxtarka isgaarsiinta. 

 Mahad naq/mahad celin Ku mahad naqidu waxay kuu horseedi kartaa kalsooni sare Mahadnaqa ayaa mararka qaar xittaa kaa dhigi kara hoggaamiye wanaagsan. Hasa yeeshee dad tiro yar ah ayaa si joogta ah u yiraahda “mahadsanid" Hoggaamiyaasha ugu fiican ayaa yaqaan sidda loogu muujiyo mahadnaq daacad ah meelaha kala duwa. 

 Isbaraarujin In kastoy oo tani tahay sifo diirad saarid ah oo guddaha,is-wacyigelinta iyo is-hoosaysiinta ayaa uga mudan Hugaanka. Sida ugu fiican ee naftaada u fahanto oo aad u garwaaqsato meelaha aad ku fiicantahay iyo meelaha aad ku liidato,ayaa wax tar u yeelan karta Hogaamiye ahaan. Mataqanaa sida dadka kale kuu arkaan ama sida aad uga soo muuqato shaqadaad? 

Wakhti qaado sida aad wax u barato 4ta dhinac ee is baraarujinta iyo sida aad u xoojin karto qayb kasta.

PSYCHOLOGY , SOCIAL AND POLITICs ( CILMI NAFSIGA BULSHADA IYO SIYAASADDA )

Sanadkii 2016-kii waxaa dunidda ka dhacay isbadallo siyaasadeed oo badan. Kuwaas oo ka hor imaanaya mala-awaal ku aadan dunidda siyaasadda oo laga yaabo in badani u qaateen wax aan jirin.Tussaale ahaan Boqortooyada midowday tan waxaa laga arki karaa “Brexit" ( yacnii a fiitadii loo qaaday in britain ay ka baxdo midowga yurub) iyo USA doorashadii lama filaanka aheed ee Donald Trump ee madaxweyne.tani maaha uun is badellada siyaasadeed waxay sidookale matalaan is badallo qoto dheer waxaana kamida sida ay dadku is ku arkaan.

 Cilmi nafsi waxbarashadeed wuxuu isku dayaa inuu fahmo dhacdooyinka siyaasadeed ee noocaas ah isagoo waydiinaaya su'aalo aasaasiya uu ku saabsan sida iyo sababta ay dadku ula falgalaan geedi socodka iyo qaab dhismeedka siyaasadeed. 

Cilmi nafsiga siyaassadu waa goob tecliimeed oo isku dhamaan. Oo isku dayaysa in lafahmo siyaasadda,siyaasiyiinta,iyo habdhaqanka siyaasadeed dhinaca maskaxda. Iyadoo xadidaad u leh taariikhdu markey aheed 1800kii,khubaradu cilmi nafsiga siyaasadu waxay adeegsadaan sharraxaada iyo garashada iyo Bulshada si ay daaraaseeyaan habdhaqanka siyaasiyiinta, aasaaska caqiidadooda is-badellka siyaasadeed ee u dhaxeeya xisbiyada iyo natiijooyinka hab-dhaqanka siyaasadeed. Iyada oo leh xadido dib ugu soo laabanaaya 180kii khubaradda cilmi nafsiga siyaasaddu waxay guuda  diirada saareen daraasadooda dabeecadeed aadanaha maadaama ay la'xariirto sayniska siyaasadeed,ku xirnaanta xisbiyada siyaasadda,codbixinta,aragtidda ddawaynaha ee siyaasiyiinta iyo sharciga dowladda iyo inkabadan maanta, saameynta argagixissada.

 Cilmi nafsiga siyaasadda wuxuu kaloo quseeyaa geedi - socodka iyo go'aan qaaadashadda siyaasiyiinta laftoodu iyo saameynta ay ku leeyihiin dadwaynaha. Qaybaha kaladuwan ee cilmi nafsiga Cilmi nafsiga waxbarashada,cilmi nafsiga siyaasadda cilmi nafsiga dhaqaalaha cilmi nafsiga ganacsiga 

Cilmi nafsiga siyaasadda wuxuu bixiyaa aragti kusaabsan sidda hababka dunidan dhabta ahi u dhaxgalaan oo ay u saameeyaan go'aan qaadashada siyaasadeed. Sidee looqoro talooyink siyaasadeed oo waxqabad leh: Marka aad qorreyso siyaasad kooban waxaa jiira wax yaabo badan oo la rabo inaad tixgaliso Qoraalka siyaasudu wuxuu noqday aalad “aada" ee fududeynta siyaasaddaha Ku saleysan caddeynta. Warbaxinta kooban ee siyaasaddu waxay doonaysaa iney ku war galiso go'aan qaadaha ikhtiyaarada siyaasada ee cadeyn ku-saleysan adag ku gaari doona natiijada la rabo xaaladdo kala duwan. Iyadoo la abuuraayo siyaasad kasta oo kooban waxaa rajayneynaa inaan helno siyaasad da
jiye wanaagsan marka aad rabtid inaad inaad tallooyin  ka bixiso siyaasada waxaa qasab kugu ah inaad adiga taqaanid xeerarka siyaasadda.

PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELLING ( CILMI NAFSIGA IYO LA-TALINTA)

 Khabiirada cilmi nafsiga waxaa lagu tababaray sayniska sida dadku u fikiraan,dareemaan, u dhaqmaan oo wax u bartaan. Dhakhaatiir badan oo cilmi nafsiga ka shaqeeya goobaha daaweynta,iyagoo qiimeeynaya Wallaaca dadka iyo duruufaha nolosha. 

Waxay bixiyaan caawimo xaaladdaha caafimaadka maskaxda sida niyad jabka Wallace,walbahaarka iyo khaqalka. Takhasusyaasha cilmi nafsiyeedku waxay lee yihiin tababar gaar ah oo ku saabsan ogaanshaha iyo qiimeynta,waxayna u janjeeraan inay taageeraan dadka qaba dhibaatooyinka caafimaadka maskaxda ee aadka u daran “ayuu yiri Dr Tristan snell,oo ah la-taliyaha cilmi nafsi iyo bare sare cilmi nafsiga ka dhiga jaamacadda Deakin. Xirfaddaha cilmi nafsiga waxay u muqdaan iney ka dhacaan qaab-dhismeed caafimaad oo badan. 

Khabiirada cilmi nafsiyeedku waxay adeegsadaan daaweynta iyo dabeecadda iyo garashadda taas oo tilmaanta Oo ka hor timaadda fikradaha iyo dabeecaddaha aan faa"idada lahayn , iyo aaladaha sida tijaabada nafsaaniga ah si loogu wargaliyo xeeladaha daaweynta. 

La-taliyaashu waxay qaataan hab qofka-ku-salaysan,ayuu yidhi Dr Snell. Hadii aad rabto inaad aragto dhakhtar cilmi nafsi waxay u baahan tahay inaad sameysid Qiimeyn dhamaystiran si aad u aragtid dhakhtar cilmi nafsi Sidookale la-taliyaashu waxay dadka ka caawiyaan iney si wanaagsan wax ugu qabtaan. Iyagoo gacan ka gaysanayaa dhibaatooyinka sidii arimaha loo cadeyn lahaa,loo sahmin lahaa xulashooyinka loona hormarin lahaa xeeladaha. La-taliyaashu waxay ku is xeel dheer yihiin dhageysiga iyo caawinta dadka si ay u gaaraan u jeedooyinkooda shaqsiyeed “ayuu yidhi Dr Snell.”uma muuqdaan inay  sameeyaan baadhitaan ama qiimeyn lakiin waxay taageri donaan dadka leh astaamaha fudud ilaa dhaxdhaaxaada ah ee cudurka dhimirka” Marka laga reebo tarbiyada hal-hal dhakhaatiir cilmi nafsi iyo la-taliyaashu waxay ka shaqeyaan meelo badan oo xirfadeed.

 Sidee loo noqdaa la-taliye cilmi nafsi Australia gudaheeda cilmi nafsigu waa xirfad la nadaamiyey taas micnaheedu yahay in qof kasta isku magacaabo cilmi nafsi yaqaan waa inuu ka diwaan gashan yahay guddiga cilmi nafsiga oo lagu qoro wakaalada xeerka dhaqtar caafimaad Astralia (AHpRA). Qofka rabo inuu noqdo cilmi nafsi yaqaan, addunka wuxuu maraaa lixsano Oo wax barasho jaamacadeed ah iyo waayo aragnimo lo kormeeraayo sida caadiga ah saddex sano ee shahaadada koobaad ee jaamacadda hal sano oo shahaado sharaf ah ama diblooma qalin-jabinta ah iyo shahaadada mestaers k-ee laba sano ah. Sidookale Deakin wuxuu yidhi waxaad ku baran kartaa Bachelor of phsychology ama Bechelor of science psychological,oo ay ku xigto sanad shahaada sharaf ah ama diblooma cilmi nafsi. Dhakhaatiirta cilmi nafsiga waxay dadka ka caawin karaan iney bartaan sidii ay u la qabsan lahaayeen  xaaladaha walaaca leh, iney iska dhaafaan balwadaha Ay is ticmaalayaan. Waxaa jira shan hadaf oo aasaasi u ah Barashada cilmi nafsiga:

 Hadafka ugu horreeya waa in la fiiriyo dabeecadda oo lugu sharaxo inta badan si faahfaahsan daqiiqad,waxaa loo arkay si macquula yacnii sida ugu mshquulsan. 

Hadafka labaad waxa uu sharaxayaa, sharaxaad In kasta oo sharaxaadu ka timaado xog la arki karo dhakhaatiirta cilmi nafsiga waa iney ka gudbaan oo ay sharaxaad buuxda ka siiyaan Bulshada cilmi nafsiga waxa uu yahay iyo taariikhdiisa. 

Hadafka saddexaad waxa uu sharaxayaa saadaal markaan ogaano Waxa dhacay iyo sababtay ay udhaceen waxaan billaawi karnaa ama aan saadalin karnaa Hadafka afaraad waxaa uu sharaxayaa ama uu nabarayaa waxa ay tahay micnaha xak-meynta markaan ogaano waxa dhacay iyo sababta ay u dhaceen iyo saadaalinta mustaqbalka sida aan ku soo baranay qodabka saddexaad waxaan awoodd buuxda u yeelan karnaa xaka-meynta nafteena sidaa darteed waa muhiim inaan xaka-meyno nafteena illaa xad. Hadafka shanaad waxa uu sharaxayaa Hagaajin khubarada cilmi nafsiyeedka waxay had iyo jeer isku dayaan inay dadka baraan hagaajinta naftooda taas oo micnaheedu tahay inay nolosha hadaf ka uyeeshaan.

THE 10 MOST IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY: (10 QOF EE UGU MUHIIMSAN TAARIIKHDA CILMI NAFSIGA:

 1 : wilhelm wundt (1832_1920)

Wilhelm wundt waxaa inta badan lagu tiriyaa inuu cilmi nafsiga ka dhigay seynis gaar ah. Wuxuu qorrey Buugiis ugu horeyay Ee cilmi nafsiga ka hadlaayay sanadkii 1874 tii mabaadi'da cilmi nafsiga jirka sanadkii 1879,wundt wuxuu furay macahadka cilmi nafsiga Tijaabada ee jaamacadda leipzig. Markuu sidaas sameeyay, wuxuu abuuray shaybaarkii ugu horreyey si uu u abuuro ifafaalaha nafsiga ah oo kaliya. Ka hor abuuri taankiisa,cilmi nafsiga ayaa lagu hoos qaatay maddooyinka falsafadda iyo bayoolojiga. Wundt wuxuu ahaa qofkii ugu horreyay ee howl galliya hannaanka is-baaridda, oo sidookale loo yaqaan uur-kutaallo si loogu is ticmaallo tijaabada dad badani waxay u arkaan inuu yahay abbaha cilmi nafsiga. 

2: sigmund Freud (1856-1939) 

Majiro hal Shay oo cilmi nafsiga ah oo caan ku ah sigmund freud isaguna waa- aabaha cilmi nafsiga wuxuuna ahaa qofkii ugu horreyay ee baarra hababka maanka miyir beelka ah.waxaana loo maleynayaa inuu  ikhtiraacay daaweynta hadalka. Wuxuu malla awaalay in qaaab dhis meedka maskaxdu ku haboon yahay, ego iyo supereg . Waxaa kale uu sharaxay habka wareejinta wuxuuna soo Bandhigay fikradda hababka difaaca. Sidookale wuxuu ahaa qofkii ugu horreyay ee aragti ka sameeya hormarka aaddanaha isagoo soodhajiyey marxalado nafsaani ah.

 3:mary whiton calkins(1863_1930)

Ma aha in haweenku ay ku haboon yihiin inta badan dhakhaatiirta cilmi nafsiga. Dumarkii maalmihii horre ee cilmi nafsiga ayaa u gogal xaadhay haweenka maant. In kastoo ay jireen dhowr haween oo hormuud u ahaa midna kuma jirin aasaaska Mary whiton calkins. Waxay aheed hawaynaydii labaad ee dhamaystirtay shaqada laga maarmaanka u ah pH.D xagga cilmi nafsiga lakiin lama siin shahaadada maxaa yeelay Harvad si rasmiya uma aqrin dumarka wakhtigaas. Sidookale waxay markii dambe noqotay hawaynaydii ugu horreyay ee u adeegta ururka cilmi nafsiga marreyn kanka. Intaa waxaa sii dheer iyadu waxay ka mid ahed dadkii ugu horreyay ee rumaysta in barashadda cilmi nafsigu ay tahay in lagu salleeyo miyir qabka loo arko iney la xariirto deegaan keeda.

 4: Kurt lewin (189-1947) 

Lewin waxaa loo yaqanaa aabaha cilmi nafsiga bulshada ee casriga ah sababta ugu weyna waa adeegsiga tijaabinta si uu u barto dhaqanka bulshada. Wuxuu qaatay mowqif cusub oo ku saabsan dabeecadda iyo dooddii barbaarinta. Aragtida bartiisu waxay soobandhigtay iney tahay is-dhaxgalka ka dhaxeeya qofka iyo deegaankiisa kaas oo saameeya shaqsiyada qofka. Wuxuu kamid ahaa dadkii ugu horreyay ee bartay qaababka hoggaamineed ee urur iyo is dhaxgalkooda. Runtii wuxuu curiyey weedha koox kooxeed goobta cilmi nafsiga warshaddaha/ ururka inta badan waxay soo baxeen aragtiyadiisii. Waxaa laga yabaa inay ugu muhiimsan tahay “tabarkiisa xasaasiga ah” waxaa loo adeegsaday la dagaalanka cuqdad jinsi iyo diimeed oo aad u fog kor dhaqdhaqaaqa Xuquuqda waddaniga. 

5:Jean piaget (1896_1980) 

Piaget wuxuu soo saaray aragtida koobaad ee kori taanka garashada ilmaha. Waqtigaas wuxuu ahaa dhul _goyn. Korhor shaqadiisa caruurta waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay waddaagaan habka garashada ee dadka waa weyn. Aragtidiisu waxay si toosa u hor seeday soo bixi taanka cilmi nafsiga garashada iyo kobcinta. Wuxuu rumaysnaa in kobcinta garashada ay tahay geedi socod firfircoon si aysan caruurtu wax dhiba u haleelin. Piaget wuxuu soo saaray jumladdaha weedhaha nafsaaniga ah ee caanka ah, iyo is-Dhaxgalka Bulshada. Intaa waxaa sii dheer wuxuu ahaa u doodaha caruurta oo aad u adag wuxuuna u dagaalamay waxbarashada caruurta oo muhiim uh hormarka bulshada.

 6: Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

Daawaynta macmiilka ku sallaysan ee Rogers waxay keentay hab cusub oo lagu eegayo xariirka teraabiistah iyo macaamiilka. Wuxuu ku dooday xuquuqda cilmi nafsiga iyo habdhaqanka Dabeecada Wuxuuna taa badalkeeda ka dhawaajiyey muhiimada isdhaxgalka kadhaxeeya compture iy macaamiilka. Rogers waxay aamiin saneed iney ixtiraaman wanaagsanaanteeda oo aan shuruud lahayn macaamiisha taas oo ka turjumaysa kor u kaca cilmi nafsiga. Wuxuu ahaa mid kamida hormuudka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa cilmi nafsiga admiga Wuxuuna rumaystay aragtida ibraahim maslow,aragtidaas oo ah in dadku ku didaalaan iney iskooda u dhaqmaan.  Shaqada Roger’s waxay aheed waxay dejisay heer daaweny oo taagero badan leh waxayna horseeday horumarinta kababka ugu casrisan ee tarbiyada cilmi nafsiga. 

7: Erik Erikson (1902_1994) 

Erikson wuxuu ahaa cilmi nafsi yaqaankii ugu horreyay ee dib udhiga shakhiyaddas oo soo koray noloshiisa oo dhan,isaga oo ka fogaaday aragtida freud ee fikirka nafsadda ee hormarka.aragtidiisa siddeeda mar xaladood waxay soo bandhigtay khilaaf qof kasta waa inuu ka gudbo si loo sii waddo geedi socodka horumarimeed. Wuxuu aad u danaynaayay sameynta aqoon siga wuxuuna saameyaaa aragtida dadka ”qalalaase aqoonsi” si kaduwan aragtida freud,Erikson wuxuu xoogga saaray qaangaarnimada. Waxaa loo malaynayaa in fikrada xiisada nolosha dhexe ay ka soo ifbaxday iska hor imaadka marxalada tobaad ee Erikson: abtirsiinta iyo fadhiidnimada. 

8: BF skinner (1905_1990) 

Skinner wuxuu ku dhisnaa shaqadda john waston iyo Edward Thorndike ee ku caan baxay cilmi nafsiga habdhaqanka iyo qoboojiyha hawl-wadeenka . Behaviorism-ku wuxuu dhajiyaa in ficillada aaddanaha ay jawaab u yihiin tilmaamaha deeganka.  Ma tixgalinayso garashadda iyo dareenka shaqsiga. Runtii skinner marrumeysnayn rabitaanka xorta ah. Qarnidhigii 20aad, dabeecadda ayaa aheed iskuulka ugu sameynta badan xaga xariirka cilmi nafsiga iyo skinner wuxuu ahaa safka hore. Shaqdiisu waxay aheed xoojinta cilmi nafsiga. 

9: Aaron Beck (1921-ilaayo wakhti xaadirkaan) 

Daawaynta Dabeecadda garashadda (CBT) ayaa ahaa tan ugu caan san uguna cilmi baarista badan ee daaweynta nafsaani maanta. Inkastoo lagu doodi karo in Albert uu ahaa qofkii ugu horreyay ee soo bandhiga fikraddaha CBT,waxay aheed shaqada Aaron Beck oo aasaasay ku dhaqanka CBT sida aan maanta naqaano. Sidookale wuxuu faafiyey xiriirka ka dhaxeeya fikradaha iyo dareenka iyo dabeecadaha dadka Gaara ahaan markay dhacdo caqabada niyad kanka. Ka-sokow fikradaha garashada wuxuu sidookale carabka ku adkeeyay xariirka daaweynta wuxuuna abuuray mid kanid ah aaladdaha qiimeynta niyad jabka ugu caansan Beck Depression inventory(BDI).

 10: Albert Bandura (1925-ilaayo wakhti xaadirkaan) Shaqadda bandura waxay aheed midi ugu horreysay ee CILMI-NAFSI 132 isku xirta dabeecadda oo leh cilmi nafsi garasho. Aragtidiisa bulshadeed waxay muu jinaysaa inaan wax kabarano daawashada dabeecada dadka kale. Kaliya maahan inaan ka jawaabno kicinta dibada. Tijaabadiisii caanka aheed ee bobo doll wuxuu soo bandhigay sida gardarada loo baran karo iyadoo si fudud loo maraayo. Intaa waxaa dheer wuxuu curiyey Ereyga is-wax-kuoolnimada,oo ah fikrad laga maarmaana barashada dhiiri galinta.

Types of Psychology

 Types  of Psychology 

1. Abnormal Psychology: Focuses on abnormal behavior, mental disorders, and psychopathology. Abnormal psychology is the study of psychological disorders, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It focuses on understanding and treating mental health issues such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, and psychotic disorders. Abnormal psychology also explores the impact of cultural, social, and environmental factors on mental health and well-being. It is an important field that helps individuals and society better understand and address mental health challenges.

2. Behavioral Psychology: Examines how behavior is shaped by environmental factors and learning processes. Behavioral psychology is the study of how behavior is learned and how it can be modified through conditioning. It focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. Behavioral psychologists believe that behavior is shaped by the environment and the consequences of actions. This approach is often used to treat behavioral problems such as phobias, addiction, and compulsive behaviors. Techniques such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and behavior modification are commonly used in behavioral psychology. The goal of behavioral psychology is to help individuals change their behavior in a positive way and improve their quality of life

3. Clinical Psychology: Deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness and emotional disorders. Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders. Clinical psychologists work with individuals, families, and groups to assess, diagnose, and treat a range of mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and schizophrenia. They use a variety of therapeutic techniques, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychoanalytic therapy, and humanistic therapy, to help clients improve their mental health and well-being. Clinical psychologists may also conduct research to better understand the causes and treatments of mental health disorders. They work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, and universities. The goal of clinical psychology is to help individuals achieve optimal mental health and functioning.

4. Cognitive Psychology: Studies mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving. Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of mental processes, such as perception, attention, memory, language, and thinking. Cognitive psychologists investigate how people acquire, process, and use information to make decisions, solve problems, and interact with the world around them. They use a variety of research methods, such as experiments, observation, and computer simulations, to understand the underlying mechanisms of cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology has applications in a variety of fields, including education, business, and technology. For example, cognitive psychologists may work with educators to develop effective teaching strategies or with designers to create user-friendly interfaces for technology. The goal of cognitive psychology is to better understand how people think and process information, and to use this knowledge to improve human performance and well-being.

5. Developmental Psychology: Explores the way humans develop from infancy through old age, including physical, cognitive, and social changes. Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of how individuals change and develop over time. Developmental psychologists investigate how people develop physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally from infancy through adulthood. They examine the factors that influence development, such as genetics, environment, and culture. Developmental psychologists use a variety of research methods, such as longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, and naturalistic observation, to understand the complex processes of development. Developmental psychology has applications in a variety of fields, including education, healthcare, and social policy. For example, developmental psychologists may work with educators to design age-appropriate learning activities or with healthcare providers to identify early signs of developmental delays. The goal of developmental psychology is to better understand the processes of human development and to use this knowledge to improve the lives of individuals across the lifespan

6. Educational Psychology: Examines how people learn in educational settings and develops strategies to improve learning outcomes. Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on how people learn and develop in educational settings. Educational psychologists investigate how students learn, the factors that influence learning, and the best ways to teach and assess learning. They examine cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving, as well as social and emotional factors that affect learning, such as motivation and self-esteem. Educational psychologists use a variety of research methods, such as experiments, surveys, and case studies, to understand the complex processes of learning. They also work with educators to design effective teaching strategies, develop educational programs, and assess student progress. Educational psychology has applications in a variety of fields, including education, healthcare, and social policy. For example, educational psychologists may work with teachers to design effective lesson plans or with healthcare providers to identify learning disabilities. The goal of educational psychology is to better understand how people learn and to use this knowledge to improve educational practices and outcomes

7. Forensic Psychology: Applies psychological principles to legal issues, including criminal investigations, trials, and corrections. Forensic psychology is the intersection between psychology and the legal system. Forensic psychologists apply their knowledge of human behavior, mental health, and the legal system to assist in legal cases. They may work in a variety of settings, including courtrooms, prisons, and law enforcement agencies. Forensic psychologists may conduct psychological evaluations to assess a defendant's competency to stand trial or their mental state at the time of the crime. They may also provide expert testimony in court and consult with attorneys, judges, and law enforcement officials. In addition, forensic psychologists may work with victims of crime to provide counseling and support. The field of forensic psychology has many applications, including criminal investigations, civil lawsuits, child custody disputes, and workplace disputes. The goal of forensic psychology is to use psychological principles to help resolve legal issues and promote justice

8. Health Psychology: Focuses on the relationship between psychological factors and physical health . Health psychology is the study of how psychological, social, and behavioral factors affect health and illness. Health psychologists work to understand the ways in which these factors interact with biological processes to influence health outcomes. They may work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, research institutions, and public health organizations.

Health psychologists may conduct research on topics such as stress and coping, health behaviors (such as smoking and exercise), and the impact of chronic illness on quality of life. They may also develop interventions to promote healthy behaviors and improve health outcomes.

In addition, health psychologists may work with patients to help them manage chronic illnesses or cope with medical procedures. They may also provide counseling and support for patients and their families.

The goal of health psychology is to promote health and prevent illness by understanding the complex interactions between psychological, social, and biological factors. By addressing these factors, health psychologists aim to improve overall health outcomes and quality of life for individuals and communities

9. Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Applies psychology to the workplace, including employee selection, training, and performance evaluation. Industrial-organizational psychology (I-O psychology) is the study of human behavior in the workplace. I-O psychologists apply psychological principles and theories to improve productivity, efficiency, and job satisfaction in organizations.

I-O psychologists may work in a variety of settings, including corporations, government agencies, consulting firms, and academic institutions. They may conduct research on topics such as employee selection and assessment, leadership development, job satisfaction, and organizational culture.

I-O psychologists may also develop interventions to improve workplace processes and systems, such as training programs, performance management systems, and job design. They may also provide coaching and counseling for employees and managers to improve communication, conflict resolution, and leadership skills.

The goal of I-O psychology is to create a more productive and satisfying work environment for employees while improving organizational performance. By understanding human behavior in the workplace, I-O psychologists aim to help organizations achieve their goals while promoting employee well-being and job satisfaction.

10. Social Psychology: Studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations, including group dynamics, conformity, and persuasion Social psychology is the study of how people interact with and influence each other in social situations. Social psychologists study a wide range of topics, including attitudes, social cognition, social influence, group dynamics, and intergroup relations.

Social psychologists may conduct research in laboratory settings or in real-world environments, such as schools, workplaces, and communities. They may use a variety of research methods, including experiments, surveys, and observational studies.

One important area of research in social psychology is attitudes. Social psychologists study how attitudes are formed, how they change over time, and how they influence behavior. They also study how people form impressions of others and make judgments about them based on their attitudes.

Another important area of research in social psychology is social influence. Social psychologists study how people are influenced by others in their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. They also study how people conform to group norms and how they resist social influence.

The goal of social psychology is to understand how people interact with each other in social situations and to develop interventions that can improve social outcomes. By understanding the factors that influence human behavior in social contexts, social psychologists aim to promote positive social interactions and reduce conflict and prejudice

THE WORLD'S MOST FAMOUS UNIVERSITIES FOR STUDYING PSYCHOLOGY.. (JAAMACADDOOD ADDUNKA UGU CAANSAN EE LAGU BARTO CILMI NAFSIGA

 Jaamacaddaha lagu barto cilmi nafsiga way farra badan yihiin bugaan waxaad ku baran dontaa 12jaamacaddood oo lagu barto cilmi nafsiga uguna caansan addunyada aan maanta joogno 

1: Harvard university waa jaamacad lagu barto cilminafsiga waxay siisaa ardayda deeq wax Barasho iyo ikhtiyaaro maaliyeed ardayda heerka kobaad ee jaamacadda iyo kuwa ka qallin jabiyey. Jaamacadani waxay ku tallaa cambridge Massachusetts waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii Semtermer 8, 1636.

 2: Stanford University waa jaamacad kamid ah 12ka jaamacadood ee lagu barto cilmi nafsiga waxayna ku taalaa wadanka silicon jaamacada Stanford waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii Nemvember 11,1885 

3: UCL waa jaamacad iyadana kamida ah jaamacaddaha lagu barto cilmi nafsiga waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1825 iyada u jeedadeedu tahay waxbarasho tayo leh. 

4: university of oxford waa jaamacada ugu wanaagsan cilmi nafsiga waxayna ku jirtaa kaalinta sadexaad jaamacaddaha ugu sareeya yurub xagga cilmi nafsiga. Oxford waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1096. 

5:university of Chicago waxay kamid tahay  jaamacaddaha lagu barto cilmi nafsiga waxaana la aasaasay sanadkii 1893. 

6: princeton university waxay ka mid tahay jaamacaddaha lagu barto cilmi nafsiga waxaana la aasaasay sanadkii 1746. 

7: Amsterdam university waxay kamid tahay jaamacaddaha lagu barto cilmi nafsiga waxaana la aasaasay sanadkii 1632. 

8: Columbia university waxay kamid tahay jaamacaddaha lagu barto cilmi nafsiga waxaana la aasaasay sanadkii 1754 

9: university of California waxay kamid tahay jaamacaddaha lagu barto cilmi nafsi waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1919 waana jaamacad samaysay cilmi baaris waxayna ku jirtaa jaamacadda labaad ee ugu faca wayn cilmi nafsiga. 

10: university Michigan waxay kamid tahay jaamacaddaha lagu barto cilmi nafsiga waxaana la aasaasay sanadkii 1817

11: university of Pennsylvania waxay kamid tahay jaamacaddaha lagu barto cilmi nafsiga waxaana la aasaasay sanadkii 1740.

 12: university of Toronto waxay kamid tahay jaamacaddaha lagu barto cilmi nafsiga waxaana la aasaasay sanadkii march 15,1827

PSYCHOLOGISTS KNOW WHAT TO KNOW:

 Ogaanshaha astaamaha ugu muhiimsan ee lagu garan karo dadka yaqaano cilmi nafsiga waxay noqon karaan kuwa aad u muhiimsan hadii aad raadinayso daawaynta,sahminta xirfadaha cilmi nafsiga. Astaamahaas waxay noqon karaan kuwa loodhasho ama la hello. Dhakhaatiirta cilmi nafsiga ee guulaystay waxay lee yihiin tayo badan oo dadka dhaxdooda ah oo ah tabare cilmi nafsiyeed ama la taliye cilmi nafsiyeed waxay kaloo yihiin kuwa dhiiranaan lagu soo dhawaado,dhiiri galiye oo maalgaliya guushooda. Intaa waxaa sii dheer dhakhaatiirta cilmi nafsiga waxay u badan yihiin tababar habòon iyo aqoonsi ay kulla taliyaan macaamiisha. Ballan qaadka barashada nolosha oo dhan waxay astaan u tahay aqoonyahan cilmi nafsi oo karti u leh. Sababtoo ah fikradaha cusub iyo habka daawaynta ayaa had jeer soo ifbaxa Dhakhaatiirta cilmi nafsiga waa iney la socdaan xirfadahooda iyagoo ka qayb galaaya siminaaro,dib-uegaya natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista ee ku salaysan caddaynta iyo la- tashiga asxaabta. Rabitaanka ah in la caawiyo dadka ayaa dib ucelin karta hadii cilmi nafsigu aanu isku filayn ugu diyaarsan inuu 

Psychology Is All Around You

Psychology is not just an academic subject that exists only in classrooms, research labs, and mental health offices. The principles of psychology can be seen all around you in everyday situations.

The television commercials and print ads you see every day rely on psychology to develop marketing messages that influence and persuade people to purchase the advertised products. The websites you visit on a regular basis utilize psychology to understand how people read, use, and interpret online information.

Psychology can also play a role in improving your health and well-being. For example, understanding some of the basic principles of behavioral psychology might come in handy if you are trying to break a bad habit and establish new routines.

Knowing more about some of the things that motivate behavior can be useful if you are trying to stick to a weight loss plan or exercise regimen. Overcoming phobias, managing stress, improving communication skills, and making better decisions are just a few of the things with which psychology can help.